Lichen Monitoring in US National Forests and Parks
Reports, Publications and Other Resources
Table of Contents
- Northern Region (R1)
- Rocky Mountain Region (R2)
- Southwestern Region (R3)
- Intermountain Region (R4)
- Pacific Southwest Region (R5)
- Pacific Northwest Region (R6)
- Southern Region (R8)
- Eastern Region (R9)
- Alaska Region (R10)
- National
- Other Literature Resources on the Web
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Northern Region (R1)
- St. Clair, L.L. and C. Newberry. 1994. Establishment of a Lichen Biomonitoring Program and Air Quality Baseline in the Anaconda-Pintler Wilderness Area and Adjacent Areas West of the Anaconda Copper Smelter. Final Report Submitted to Anaconda-Pintler Wilderness Area, USDA Forest Service. 66 pp.
- St. Clair, L.L. and C. Newberry. 1994. Establishment of a Lichen Biomonitoring Program and Air Quality Baseline in the Cabinet Mountains Wilderness Area. Final Report Submitted to the Cabinet Mountains Wilderness Area, USDA Forest Service. 42 pp.
- St. Clair, L.L. and C. Newberry. 1995. Establishment of a Lichen Biomonitoring Program and Air Quality Baseline in and near the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness Area. Final Report Submitted to the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness Area, USDA Forest Service. 68 pp.
- 1996 Idaho FHM Lichen Community Indicator Results.
- St. Clair, L.L. and C. Newberry. 2000. Establishment of a Lichen Biomonitoring Program and Air QualityBaseline for Dinosaur National Monument. Final Report Submitted to Dinosaur National Monument, USDA Forest Service. 70 pp.
- 2003 Idaho Lichen Community Indicator Results.
Rocky Mountain Region (R2)
- Hale, M.E. Jr. 1982. Liches as Bioindicators and Monitors of Air Pollution in the Flat Tops Wilderness Area, Colorado. Final Report: Forest Service Contract No. OMRFP R2-81-SP35.
- St. Clair, L.L. and C. Newberry. 1993. Lichen Biomonitoring Program and Air Quality Baseline in Selected Sites of the Bridger Wilderness Area, Bridger-Teton National Forest. Final Report Submitted to Bridger-Teton National Forest, USDA Forest Service. 54 pp.
- Jackson, L., L. Geiser, T. Blett, T. Gries, and D. Haddow. 1996. Biogeochemistry of Lichens and Mosses in and Near Mt. Zirkel Wilderness, Routt National Forest, Colorado: Influences of Coal Fired Power Plant Emissions. Final Report submitted to USDOI U.S. Geological Survey. 150 pp.
- 1997 Wyoming FHM Lichen Community Indicator Results
- McCune, B., et al. 1998. Lichen Communities for Forest Health Monitoring in Colorado, USA. Internal report to Interior West Region, USDA Forest Service.
- St. Clair, L.L. 1999. Establishment of a Lichen Biomonitoring Program and Baseline in the San Juan and Rio Grande National Forests, Colorado. USDA Forest Service Technical Report. 123 pp.
- St. Clair, L.L. and L. Porter. 2000. The Re-Inventory of the Lichen Biomonitoring Program and Baseline for Selected Sites in the Bridger Wilderness Area, Bridger-Teton National Forest, Wyoming. Final Report Submitted to Bridger-Teton National Forest USDA Forest Service. 21 pp.
- Peterson, E.B. and P. Neitlich. 2001. Impacts of Two Coal-Fired Power Plants on Lichen Communities in Northwestern Colorado. FHM Evaluation Monitoring Study. Internal report to Interior West Region, USDA Forest Service.
Southwestern Region (R3)
- St. Clair, L.L. 1991. Preliminary Lichen Biomonitoring Program and Air Quality Baseline in Selected Class I Wilderness Areas of Coronado, Coconino, Kaibab, Prescott and Tonto National Forests. Final Report Submitted to the Coronado, Coconino, Kaibab, Prescott and Tonto National Forests, Arizona, USDA Forest Service. 58 pp.
- St. Clair, L.L. and K. Anderson. 1998. Establishment of a Lichen Air Quality Biomonitoring Program and Baseline for Selected Sites in the Gila Wilderness Area. Final Report Submitted to Pete Stewart and John Kramer of the Gila National Forest, USDA Forest Service. 47 pp.
- Ryan, B.D., T.H. Nash III, and W. Davis. 1990. Lichens and Air Quality in Mt. Baldy Wilderness Area. Arizona State University.
- St. Clair, L.L. 1991. Preliminary Lichen Biomonitoring Program and Air Quality Baseline in Selected Class I Wilderness Areas of Coronado, Coconino, Kaibab, Prescott and Tonto National Forests, Sierra Ancha Wilderness Area. Final Report Submitted to the Coronado, Coconino, Kaibab, Prescott and Tonto National Forests, USDA Forest Service. 50 pp.
- St. Clair, L.L. 1991. Preliminary Lichen Biomonitoring Program and Air Quality Baseline in Selected Class I Wilderness Areas of Coronado, Coconino, Kaibab, Prescott and Tonto National Forests, Chiricahua Wilderness Area. Final Report Submitted to the Wilderness Areas of Coronado, Coconino, Kaibab, Prescott and Tonto National Forest, USDA Forest Service. 56 pp.
- St. Clair, L.L. 1991. Preliminary Lichen Biomonitoring Program and Air Quality Baseline in Selected Class I Wilderness Areas of Coronado, Coconino, Kaibab, Prescott and Tonto National Forests, Mazatzal Wilderness Area. Final Report Submitted to the Mazatzal Wilderness Area, USDA Forest Service. 44 pp.
- St. Clair, L.L. 1991. Preliminary Lichen Biomonitoring Program and Air Quality Baseline in Selected Class I Wilderness Areas of Coronado, Coconino, Kaibab, Prescott and Tonto National Forests, Superstition Wilderness. Final Report Submitted to the Galiuro Wilderness Area, USDA Forest Service. 42 pp.
- St. Clair, L.L. 1991. Preliminary Lichen Biomonitoring Program and Air Quality Baseline in Selected Class I Wilderness Areas of Coronado, Coconino, Kaibab, Prescott and Tonto National Forests, Galiuro Wilderness Area. Final Report Submitted to the Wilderness Areas of Coronado, Coconino, Kaibab, Prescott and Tonto, USDA Forest Service. 49 pp.
Intermountain Region (R4)
- St. Clair, L.L. and C. Newberry. 1994. Establishment of a Lichen Biomonitoring Program and Baseline at Selected Sites in the High Uintas Wilderness Area, Wasatch-Cache National Forest. Final Report Submitted to Wasatch-Cache National Forest, USDA Forest Service. 70 pp.
- St. Clair, L.L. and D. Smith. 1994. Establishment of a Lichen Biomonitoring Program and Air Quality Baseline at Cedar Breaks National Monument, Utah. Final Report Submitted to Cedar Breaks National Monument, USDA Forest Service. 60 pp.
- St. Clair, L.L. 1995. Establishment of a Lichen Biomonitoring Program and Baseline in the Sawtooth Wilderness Area. Final Report Submitted to the Sawtooth National Forest, USDA Forest Service. 38 pp.
- 1999 Utah & Nevada FHM Lichen Community Indicator Results
- St. Clair, L.L.. 2000. Establishment of a Lichen Air Quality Biomonitoring Program and Baseline for Selected Sites in the Manti La Sal National Forest, Utah. Final Report Submitted to Manti La Sal, USDA Forest Service. 57 pp.
- St. Clair, L.L.. 2005. The Re-Inventory of the Lichen Biomonitoring Program and Baseline for Selected Sites in the Uinta National Forest, Utah (Originally Collected in May-August 1995) and Baseline Information Concerning Establishment of 12 Additional Lichen Biomonitoring Reference Sites in the Uinta National Forest. Final Report Submitted to Reese Pope, USDA Forest Service. 38 pp.
- Rogers, P. 2007. Factors influencing epiphytic lichen communities in aspen-associated forests of the Bear River Range, Idaho and Utah Logan, UT: Utah State University. 166 p. Dissertation.
- Rogers, P.C., K.D. Moore, and R.J. Ryel. 2009. Aspen succession and nitrogen loading: a case for epiphytic lichens as bioindicators in the Rocky Mountains, USA. Journal of Vegetation Science 20: 498-510.
- Idaho Bureau of Land Management [This website contains a list of available Idaho BLM publications.]
Pacific Southwest Region (R5)
- Neel, M. 1988. Lichens and Air Pollution in the San Gabriel Wilderness, Angeles National Forest, California. Region 5 Forest Service Monograph. 53 pp.
- Ryan, B. 1990. Lichens and Air Quality in the Emigrant Wilderness, California: A Baseline Study. Arizona State University, Tempe. 46 pp. [Bibliography available as separate document. See listing for "Literature Cited" below.]
- Ryan, B. 1990. Lichens and Air Quality in the Agua Tibia Wilderness, California: A Baseline Study. Arizona State University, Tempe. 35 pp. [Bibliography available as separate document. See listing for "Literature Cited" below.]
- Ryan, B. 1990. Lichens and Air Quality in Wilderness Areas of California: A Series of Baseline Studies. Arizona State University, Tempe. 20 pp. [Bibliography available as separate document. See listing for "Literature Cited" below.]
- Jovan, S. 2002. A Landscape-level Analysis of Epiphytic Lichen Diversity in Northern and Central California: environmental predictors of species richness and potential observer effects. Bulletin of the California Lichen Society 9(1): 1-7.
- Jovan, S. and B. McCune. 2004. Regional variation in epiphytic macrolichen communities in northern and central California forests. The Bryologist 107(3): 328-329.
- Jovan, S. and B. McCune. 2005. Air-quality bioindication in the greater Central Valley of California, with epiphytic macrolichen communities. Ecological Applications 15: 1712-1726.
- Jovan, S. and T. Carlsberg. 2006. Nitrogen content of Letharia vulpina tissue from forests of the Sierra Nevada, California: Geographic patterns and relationships to ammonia estimates and climate. Environmental Monitoring & Assessment 129: 243-251.
- Jovan, S. and B. McCune. 2006. Using epiphytic macrolichen communities for biomonitoring ammonia in forests of the Greater Sierra Nevada, California. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 170: 69-93.
- Fenn, M.E., S. Jovan, F. Yuan, L. Geiser, T. Meixner, and B.S. Gimeno. 2008. Empirical and simulated critical loads for nitrogen deposition in California mixed conifer forests. Environmental Pollution 155: 492-511.
- Jovan, S. 2008. Lichen bioindication of biodiversity, air quality, and climate: baseline results from monitoring in Washington, Oregon, and California. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-737. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 115 pp.
- Literature Cited in Wilderness Reports by Bruce Ryan, 1988-1990. 6 pp.
Pacific Northwest Region (R6)
- Denison, W.C. 1973. A Guide to Air Quality Monitoring With Lichens. Lichen Technology Inc., Corvallis, OR. 46 pp.
- Ryan, B. 1995. Glacier Peak Wilderness Lichen Biomonitoring Study. Arizona State University, Tempe. 72 pp.
- McCune, B., C.C. Derr, P.S. Muir, A. Shirazi, S.C. Sillett, and W.J. Daly. 1996. Lichen pendants for transplant and growth experiments. The Lichenologist 28: 161-169.
- Neitlich, P. and B. McCune. 1997. Hotspots of Epiphytic Lichen Diversity in Two Young Managed Stands. Conservation Biology 11(1): 172-182.
- Rhoades, F.M. 1999. A Review of Lichen and Bryophyte Elemental Content Literature with Reference to Pacific Northwest Species. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 128 pp.
- Lesher, R.D., C.C. Derr, and L.H. Geiser. 2003. Natural History and Management Considerations for Northwest Forest Plan Survey and Manage Lichens Based on Information as of the Year 2000. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region Natural Resources Technical Paper, Portland, OR, R6-NR-S&M-TP-03-03. 211 p.
- Geiser, L. 2004. Manual for Monitoring Air Quality Using Lichens on National Forests of the Pacific Northwest. USDA-Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region Technical Paper, R6-NR-AQ-TP-1-04. 126 pp.
- Appendix I: Forest Maps and Plot Locations to Manual for Monitoring Air Quality Using Lichens on National Forests of the Pacific Northwest
- Ra, H.S.Y., L. Rubin, and R.F.E. Crang. 2004. Structural impacts on thallus and algal cell components of two lichen species in response to low-level air pollution in Pacific Northwest forests. Microscopy and Microanalysis 10(2): 270-279.
- Ra, H.S.Y., L.H. Geiser, and R.F.E. Crang. 2005. Effects of season and low-level air pollution on physiology and element content of lichens from the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Science of the Total Environment 343: 155-167.
- Berryman, S. and B. McCune. 2006. Estimating epiphytic macrolichen biomass from topography, stand structure and lichen community data. Journal of Vegetation Science 17: 157-170. [Includes appendix]
- Geiser, L.H. and P.N. Neitlich. 2007. Air pollution and climate gradients in western Oregon and Washington indicated by epiphytic macrolichens. Environmental Pollution 145: 203-218.
- Fenn, M., L. Geiser, R. Tachman, T.J. Blubaugh, and A. Bytnerowicz. 2007. Atmospheric deposition inputs and effects on lichen chemistry and indicator species in the Columbia River Gorge, USA. Environmental Pollution 146: 77-91.
- Geiser, L.H., A.R. Ingersoll, A. Bytnerowicz, and S.A. Copeland. 2008. Evidence of enhanced atmospheric ammoniacal nitrogen in Hell's Canyon National Recreation Area: Implications for natural and cultural resources. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 58: 1223-1234.
- Jovan, S. 2008. Lichen bioindication of biodiversity, air quality, and climate: baseline results from monitoring in Washington, Oregon, and California. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-737. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 115 pp.
- McCune, B. and L. Geiser. 2009. Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Second Edition. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon. 448 pp.
- USFS. 2009. Atlas of Oregon and Washington Macrolichens. US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region Air Resource Management Program, Corvallis, OR.
Southern Region (R8)
- St. Clair, L.L. 1987. The Establishment of an Air Quality Biomonitoring Program Using Various Lichen Parameters in the James River Face Wilderness Area. Final Report Submitted to the Jefferson National Forest Roanoke, Virginia, USDA Forest Service. 121 pp.
- Dey, J.P. 1995. Report on the Identification of the Corticolous Macrolichen Species Collected in the James River Face Wilderness Area and in the Mount Rogers National Recreation Area of Jefferson National Forest, Virginia. Final Report submitted to the Air Quality Specialist, Jefferson National Forest, USDA Forest Service. January 1995.
- Lawrey, J.D. 1996. Lichen Biomonitoring Program in the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests: A Survey of Lichen Floristics and Elemental Status. Final Report to the Forest Supervisor, George Washington and Jefferson National Forests, USDA Forest Service. March 1996.
- McCune, B., J.P. Dey, J.E. Peck, K. Heiman, and S. Will-Wolf. 1997. Regional Gradients in Lichen Communities of the Southeast United States. The Bryologist 100(2): 145-158.
Eastern Region (R9)
- Lawrey, J.D., and M.E. Hale, Jr. 1988. Lichens as Indicators of Atmospheric Quality in the Dolly Sods and Otter Creek Wildernesses of the Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia. Final Report Submitted to Forest Supervisor, Monongahela National Forest, USDA Forest Service. January 1988.
- Wetmore, C.M. 1989. Lichens and Air Quality in White Mountain National Forest Wilderness Areas. Final Report submitted to USDA Forest Service. 34 pp.
- Wetmore, C.M. 1990. Lichens and Air Quality in Boundary Waters Canoe Area of the Superior National Forest. Final Report submitted to USDA Forest Service, Duluth, MN. 27 pp.
- Wetmore, C.M. 1992. Lichens and Air Quality in Hercules Glades Wilderness of Mark Twain National Forest. Final Report submitted to USDA Forest Service. 22 pp.
- Lawrey, J.D. 1993. Lichen Biomonitoring Program in the Dolly Sods and Otter Creek Wildernesses of the Monongahela National Forest: A Resurvey of Lichen Floristics and Elemental Status. Final Report to the Forest Supervisor, Monongahela National Forest, USDA Forest Service. May 1993.
- Wetmore, C.M. 1993. Lichens and Air Quality in Rainbow Lake Wilderness of The Chequamegon National Forest. Final Report submitted to USDA Forest Service. 27 pp.
- Wetmore, C.M. and J.P. Bennett. 1993. Lichens and Air Quality in Boundary Waters Canoe Area of the Superior National Forest. Final Report submitted to USDA Forest Service, Duluth, MN. 20 pp.
- Wetmore, C.M. 1995. Lichens and Air Quality in White Mountain National Forest Wilderness Areas. Final Report submitted to USDA Forest Service. 35 pp.
- Wetmore, C.M. 1995. Lichens and Air Quality in Lye Brook Wilderness of the Green Mountain National Forest. Final Report submitted to USDA Forest Service. 40 pp.
Alaska Region (R10)
- Derr, C.C. 1994. Lichen Biomonitoring in Southeast Alaska and Western Oregon. M.S. thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis.
- Geiser, L.H., C.C. Derr, and K.L. Dillman. 1994. Air Quality Monitoring on the Tongass National Forest. Methods and Baselines Using Lichens. USDA Forest Service, Alaska Region, Technical Bulletin R10-TB-46. 97 pp.
- Appendix A - Plot Locations and Descriptions
- Appendix B - 1989-1990 Elemental Analysis Data
- Appendix C - 1991-1992 Sulfur and nitrogen data for Alectoria sarmentosa from shorepine muskeg plots
- Geiser, L.H., K.L. Dillman, C.C. Derr, and M.C. Stensvold. 1994.Lichens of Southeastern Alaska: An Inventory. USDA Forest Service, Alaska Region R10-TB-45. 143 pp. [Text only. Distribution maps currently unavailable.]
- Derr, C.C. 1997. Air Quality Biomonitoring on the Chugach National Forest. Methods and Baselines Using Lichens. Draft report.
- Geiser, L.H., K.L. Dillman, C.C. Derr, and M.C. Stensvold. 1998. Lichens and Allied Fungi of Southeast Alaska. In: M.G. Glenn, R.C. Harris, R. Dirig and M.S. Cole, eds. Lichenographia Thomsoniana: North American Lichenology in Honor of John W. Thomson. Mycotaxon Ltd., Ithaca NY. 42 pp.
- Furbish, C.E., L. Geiser, and C. Rector. 2000. Lichen-Air Quality Pilot Study for Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park and the City of Skagway, Alaska. 47 pp.
- Dillman, K. 2004. Epiphytic Lichens from the Forest-Marine Ecotone of Southeastern Alaska. M.S. thesis, Arizona State University, Tempe.
- Dillman, K. 2006. Lichens of the National Forests in Alaska. US Dept of Agriculture Forest Service, Alaska Region, R10-RG-170, August 2006. Color brochure, 16 pp.
- Derr, C.C., B. McCune, and L.H. Geiser. 2007. Epiphytic macrolichen communities in Pinus contorta peatlands in southeastern Alaska. The Bryologist 110(3): 521-532.
- Dillman, K., L. Geiser, and G. Brenner. 2007. Air Quality Bio-Monitoring with Lichens. The Togass National Forest. USDA Forest Service. 14 pp.
- Dillman, K. 2009. Alaska Region Plan for Air Resource Management 2009-2013. US Forest Service, Alaska Region, Juneau, AK.
National
- Forest Inventory Analysis (FIA) website - FIA/FHM Lichen Indicator Program
- Western Airborne Contaminants Assessment Project (WACAP) website
- Wetmore, C.M. 1983. Lichens of the Air Quality Class 1 National Parks. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service, Air Division, Denver, CO. Published under Contract CX 000 1-2-0034.
- Hutchinson, J., D. Maynard, L. Geiser. 1996. Air Quality and Lichens - A Literature Review. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region Air Resource Management Program. [web page internal to this site]
- McCune, B., et al. 1997. Repeatability of community data: Species richness versus gradient scores in large-scale lichen studies. The Bryologist 100(1): 40-46.
- USDA Forest Service. 2002. Using Lichens as Indicators of Air Quality on Federal Lands: Workshop Report U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Technical Report R6-NR-AG-TP-01-02. 62 pp.
- Blett, T., L. Geiser, and E. Porter. 2003. Air Pollution-Related Lichen Monitoring in National Parks, Forests, and Refuges: Guidelines for Studies Intended for Regulatory and management purposes. U.S. Dept. of the Interior Technical Report NPSD 2292. 25 pp.
- Geiser, L. 2006. The evolving role of lichens in air quality protection on public lands. Botany 2006. Annual meeting of the Botanical Society of America and the American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Lichen Bioindication of Air Quality Symposium, Chico State University, Chico, California, USA. July 28- August 2, 2006. Powerpoint presentation.
- Will-Wolf, S., L.H. Geiser, P. Neitlich, and A. Reis. 2006. Comparison of lichen community composition with environmental variables at regional and subregional geographic scales. Journal of Vegetation Science 17: 171-184. [Includes appendix]
- Glavich, D.A. and L.H. Geiser. 2008. Potential approaches to developing lichen-based critical loads and levels for nitrogen, sulfur and metal-containing atmospheric pollutants in North America. The Bryologist 111(4): 638-649.
Other Resources on the Web
- Air Quality and Lichens - Annotated Bibliography [web page internal to this site]
- Identifying North American Lichens: A Guide to the Literature. [A downloadable, on-line guide to keys and other literature relevant to lichen identification, provided by Harvard University's Farlow Herbarium.]
- Recent Literature on Lichens. [This website contains a searchable database of publicatons in lichenology, and returns an annotated bibliographic list based on search criteria. Compiled by W.L. Culberson, R.S. Egan, and T.L. Esslinger.]
- Environmental Protection Agency Technology Transfer Network. [Hosted by the EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, this website contains links to technical information regarding many air-related topics, such as air quality monitoring, air toxics, and modeling. Many links to related sites and additional resources.]
- National Agricultural Library's On-Line Access. [This website contains a searchable database of publications available through the National Agricultural Library. Publications must be requested, but copies are free of charge for USDA employees.]